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American and British English spelling differences
Many of the differences between American and British English date back to a time when spelling was not widely standardized. For instance, some spellings seen as "American" today were once commonly used in Britain; and vice versa. A "British standard" began to emerge following the 1755 publication of influential dictionaries such as Samuel Johnson's ''A Dictionary of the English Language'', and an "American standard" started following the work of Noah Webster, and in particular his ''An American Dictionary of the English Language''.
== Historical origins ==
In the early 18th century, English spelling was not standardized. Differences became noticeable after the publishing of influential dictionaries. Today's British English spellings mostly follow Johnson's ''A Dictionary of the English Language'' (1755), while many American English spellings follow Webster's ''An American Dictionary of the English Language'' ("ADEL", "Webster's Dictionary", 1828).
Webster was a proponent of English spelling reform for reasons both philological and nationalistic. In ''A Companion to the American Revolution'' (2008), John Algeo notes: "it is often assumed that characteristically American spellings were invented by Noah Webster. He was very influential in popularizing certain spellings in America, but he did not originate them. Rather () he chose already existing options such as ''center, color'' and ''check'' on such grounds as simplicity, analogy or etymology".〔Algeo, John, "The Effects of the Revolution on Language" in ''A Companion to the American Revolution'', John Wiley & Sons: 2008, p. 599.〕 William Shakespeare's first folios, for example, used spellings like ''center'' and ''color'' as much as ''centre'' and ''colour''.〔(''-or'' ). Online Etymology Dictionary.〕〔Venezky, Richard. ''The American Way of Spelling: The Structure and Origins of American English Orthography''. Guilford Press, 1999. p.26〕 Webster did attempt to introduce some reformed spellings, as did the Simplified Spelling Board in the early 20th century, but most were not adopted. In Britain, the influence of those who preferred the Norman (or Anglo-French) spellings of words proved to be decisive. Later spelling adjustments in the United Kingdom had little effect on today's American spellings and vice versa.
For the most part, the spelling systems of most Commonwealth countries and Ireland closely resemble the British system. In Canada, the spelling system can be said to follow both British and American forms,〔Clark, 2009.〕 and Canadians are somewhat more tolerant of foreign spellings when compared with other English-speaking nationalities.〔Chambers, 1998.〕 Australian spelling has also strayed slightly from British spelling, with some American spellings incorporated as standard.〔''The Macquarie Dictionary'', Fourth Edition. The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd, 2005.〕 New Zealand spelling is almost identical to British spelling, except in the word ''fiord'' (instead of ''fjord''). There is also an increasing use of macrons in words that originated in Māori and an unambiguous preference for ''-ise'' endings (see below).
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